Ecological succession refers to the process of gradual, sequential changes in the species composition of an ecosystem over time. It typically occurs after a disturbance, such as a fire, flood, or human intervention, and involves the colonization and replacement of plant and animal species in a predictable pattern. There are two main types of ecological succession: primary succession, which occurs on bare, uncolonized land, and secondary succession, which occurs on previously inhabited land that has been disturbed. This process is crucial for the recovery and development of ecosystem resilience and diversity.